Depression The Common Cold Of Psychopathology - 1693 Words

According to Dr. Paul Gilbert of Pastures Hospital, University of Leicester, depression is the common cold of Psychopathology. The unfortunate reality of this is that many people claim to experience depression, and due to the frequency of the complaint, it could be looked over. Although the severity of one’s depression may vary, its end result may be fatal. Depression makes a person extremely vulnerable to suicide. Suicide is the leading cause of death among depressed individuals. Depression can also have negative consequences on a person’s family life, and immune system. (Gilbert, 2014, p. 3) By examining the statements made by Dr. Gilbert, one can conclude that depression is a harmful disease. But what happens when it is affecting two lives at once? Prenatal depression is the same as clinical depression accept it is manifesting in a pregnant women. Prenatal depression can have negative long-term consequences for the mother and also the infant. These consequences can be that of clinical depression, postpartum depression for the mother, and developmental delays for the child. In order to examine prenatal depression, one must first examine depression on its own. According to James S. Nairne, professor of Psychological Sciences at Purdue University, depression is an overwhelming feeling of sadness, and hopelessness. For many people this feeling could be brought on by something that is very easy to pinpoint. For example the loss of a loved one, or being rejected. In thisShow MoreRelatedFactors That Affect The Treatment Of Tina Depression1161 Words   |  5 Pagespaper is to examine important misconceptions of psychopathology which could impact the treatment of Tina depression. Discuss her symptoms of depression, intake interview, and why the counselor’s own perception of psychopathology is extremely important in the diagnostic process (GCU, 2015). Make sure her family member knows about medications, treatments, referrals, and any other speci al instructions (Wolters, 1999). MISCONCEPTIONS OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY We had a subject named Tina a 17-year-oldRead MoreBehavior Observations : Ms. Evetta Stowers992 Words   |  4 PagesShe reported to be 5 6 tall weighing 247 pounds. Her speech was clear, logical and goal directed. Mood was bright with congruent affect. Ms. Stowers maintained good eye contact. She was oriented and alert. There was no indication of significant depression, anxiety, hallucinations, delusions or thought disorder. She seem to have good awareness to make positive changes in her life for weight management. Personal history: Ms. Stowers was the youngest of five children born to her biological parentsRead MoreDepression : A Psychological Mood Disorder Essay1720 Words   |  7 PagesDepression is a psychological mood disorder that is common in today’s world. The effect of depression affects the person’s ability to control their feelings and thoughts, resulting in their activities of daily living being negatively affected. For a person to be diagnosed with depression they must have had the symptoms present for 2 continuous weeks at minimum (Nimh.nih.gov, 2015). Correspondingly, depression in females and the symptoms thereof are different to that of men. From social pressuresRead MoreParental Psychology And Its Effects On Children s First Years Of Development1539 Words   |  7 Pagesparental psychopathology is a crucial risk factor for the development of their child across multiple domains (Sanders 2002). Nonorganic failure to thrive (NOFTT) describes the delayed growth and development of infants due to factors extrinsic the infant. Sometimes referred to as growth faltering or weight faltering, most definitions of NOFTT include a weight less than the 5th percentile on the growth chart or a decreasing rate of weight gain (Powell, 1988). Growth faltering is the most common categoryRead MoreThe Process Of Learning Healthy3474 Words   |  14 Pagesregulation dysfunction results from a combination of emotional vulnerability that reacts with overly sensitive responses on the part of the patient and an inability to modulate the resulting emotions. Experiences with this type of dysregulation are common, if not typical, of human development and are usually amenable and responsive to newly acquired coping strategies or the restructuring of old ones. When the dysregulation is resilient and persists over time, cognitive distortions, ruminations, andRead MoreNormality And Pathology Of A Christian Therapist2586 Words   |  11 PagesNormality and Pathology The first factor that a Christian therapist needs to consider is the demarcation between what is considered a sinful action and psychopathology, or normal and abnormal behavior. However, some authors believe abnormal behavior cannot be so concisely defined (Bennett, 2011), because assessment of abnormal behavior is affected by numerous factors, including social and cultural norms and biases. All cultures have their own formal and informal rules for behavior. These rules delineateRead MoreTaking a Look at Eating Disorders1708 Words   |  7 Pagesthat hampers a person’s mental as well as physical health. Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are the most common types. Others are binge eating disorder and eating disorder not otherwise specified. Classification: †¢ Anorexia nervosa (AN), †¢ Bulimia nervosa (BN), †¢ Eating disorders not otherwise specified †¢ Binge eating disorder (BED) or compulsive overeating, †¢ Pica The two most common types, Anorexia nervosa and Bulimia nervosa are described below: Anorexia Nervosa: Anorexia nervosa (AN) isRead MoreCausation of Serial Killers Essay2039 Words   |  9 Pagesthat Rader was referring to was his psychopathology, but we cannot ignore that these traits were triggered by early childhood experience. His early childhood experiences as in many other serial killers triggered psychotic and/or psychopathic behaviors. Rader’s and other serial killers’ crimes may have been caused by their loss of reality as a result of psychosis, the lack of emotion, possible brain abnormalities, and personality disorders due to their psychopathology. I would argue that the inabilityRead MoreThe Effects Of Cultural On Health We Can Draw An Analysis Of A Tree Within A Forest1350 Words   |  6 Pagesbecause the behavior of the individual reflects on the family, mental illness or any behaviour that implies a lack of self-control may produce shame and guilt. As a result, Chinese patients may be reluctant to discuss symptoms of mental illness or depression and ther efore deprive themselves of important health care to address their disorder. Some sub-populations of cultures, such as those from India and Pakistan, are reluctant to accept a diagnosis of severe emotional illness or mental retardationRead MorePsychopathy and Antisocial Personality Disorder Essay3413 Words   |  14 Pagespsychiatry over the definition of psychopathology and its related terms such as mental disorder. Gergen (1985), questioned if mental disorder can be defined objectively using scientific criteria or if it is a social construct entirely defined by societal and cultural values. Wakefield (1999), believes that the harmful dysfunction †¢ †¢ †¢ conception of mental disorder is strongly influenced by social and cultural values. Psychologists describe psychopathology as a synonym for abnormal behavior

Mental illness and Mental Disorders in Catcher in the Rye...

According to the National Institute of Mental Health, about one in four American adults suffer from a mental disorder. This means that 57.7 out of 217.8 million people over the age of 18 are ill; never mind that mental illnesses are the leading cause of disability in Canada and the United States. Holden Caulfield, the controversial main character of J.D Salinger’s novel Catcher in the Rye, spends much of the book wandering through the streets of New York City. Kicked out of boarding school for the umpteenth time, he does many odd things: he calls a prostitute, tries to befriend a taxi driver, drinks with middle aged women, and sneaks into his own house in the middle of the night. While many of these things seem outrà ©, some may even go as†¦show more content†¦I was so damn worried, that’s why. When I really worry about something, I don’t just fool around† (Salinger 40). Holden is trying adamantly to retain the delicate details Stradlater’ s post-date escapades, but he just does not know for sure what took place. He also mentions being â€Å"damn worried†; this leads the reader to believe that he may be suffering from acute anxiety as well. Lastly, Holden shows avoidance in his measures. Holden is afraid to grow up, because he feels that when someone is rushed into maturity, bad things happen. Holden was forced to grow up when he lost Allie, and this makes his believe that â€Å"ignorance is bliss†, and that it is better to lie to yourself and to be a child forever than to grow up and experience pain. â€Å"It is only in Holden Caulfield’s unique world that ducks brave the winter or are hauled in trucks to zoos. It should strike the most casual observer that Holden Caulfield frequently exhibits naivetà ©Ã¢â‚¬  (Foran 977). Holden likes to believe that a perfect, idealistic life can be achieved. He is scarred psychiatrically by his traumatic childhood, and he just wants to be normal. â€Å"You know those ducks in that lagoon right near Central Park South? That little lake? By any chance, do you happen to know where they go, the ducks, when it gets all frozen over? Do you happen to know, by any chance? † I realized it was only one chance in a million† (Salinger 60). In this prominent passage, Holden is asking the strange taxi driver about the ducks inShow MoreRelatedA Socially Acceptable Form Of Schizophrenia1055 Words   |  5 Pagesbe acceptable. J.D. Salinger writes The Catcher in the Rye to tell about Holden Caulfield s misadventures in a 1950’s New York. After Holden, the narrator and protagonist, is expelled from yet another boarding school, he hides it from his parents. Mental illness plagues Holden’s life, and at the end of the book, he ends up in a mental hospital in California. Holden Caulfield could be diagnosed with schizophrenia because in The Catcher in the Rye, he exhibits signs of the illness, such as frequentRead MoreMental Analysis on Holden Caulfield in J.D. Salinger ´s The Catcher in the Rye824 Words   |  4 PagesNation Institute of Mental Health, , almost one in four adults suffer from a diagnosable mental disorder in any given year, and one in seventeen adults are suffering from mental disorders that can be considered serious, such as major depressive disorder, bipolar disorders, pervasive developmental disorders, panic disorder, and post traumatic stress disorders (Health Care Service Corporation) (The Numbers Count: Mental Disorders in America). J.D. Salinger’s novel, The Catcher in the Rye, provides theRead MorePsychoanalysis of Holden Caulfield1173 Words   |  5 PagesPsychoanalysis is a psychoanalytical theory and therapy that aims to treat mental disorders by investigating the conscious and unconscious elements in a human mind by bringing fears to the conscious mind. According to Sigmund Freud, â€Å"The unconscious silently directs the thoughts and behavior of the individual† (Freud 95). Holden Caulfield, the main character in J.D Salinger’s novel, The Catcher in the Rye, is sixteen years old and does not act his own age for he is stuck in his own private worldRead MorePost -Traumatic Stress in Relation to Holden Caulfield1181 Words   |  5 Pagescharacter of J.D. Salingers s book The Catcher In The Rye, is depressed. What Is A Depressive Disorder? Depression is a serious medical illness that negatively affects how a person conducts him/herself, and the way he/she think. Depression may include anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorders, manic depressions. People with a depressive illness cannot merely ‘pull themselves together and get better. About 5% of the population will have some form of a mental illness at someRead MoreThe Mind Changing Disease : From Post Traumatic Stress Disorder1302 Words   |  6 Pagesthe novel Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger the main character Holden Caulfield Shows Valid signs of suffering from Post Traumatic Stress Disorder or PTSD. Holden exhibits PTSD Through his thought process and actions during his journey through New York City until the end of the novel. Holden without a doubt experiences a psychological journey and shows PTSD like symptoms from his departure at Pencey Prep till he ends up at a mental institution. Holden is burdened with this mental illness mos t likelyRead More Post-Traumatic Stress In Relation To Holden Caulfield Essay1179 Words   |  5 Pagesmain character of J.D. Salingers’s book The Catcher In The Rye, is depressed. What Is A Depressive Disorder? Depression is a serious medical illness that negatively affects how a person conducts him/herself, and the way he/she think. Depression may include anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorders, manic depressions. People with a depressive illness cannot merely ‘pull themselves together’ and get better. About 5% of the population will have some form of a mental illness at some point inRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1095 Words   |  5 PagesPTSD in Catcher in the Rye Post Traumatic Stress Disorder is most commonly thought of as an illness men and women acquire from experiences while serving in the wars. Some do not even know what it is or how much it affects people s lives. In the novel, The Catcher in the Rye, J.D. Salinger helps to convey what Post Traumatic Stress Disorder really is. PTSD is a curable condition triggered by a traumatic event with many types, causes, and symptoms displayed by Holden Caulfield. All of the peopleRead MoreA Negative View Of Mental Illness1781 Words   |  8 PagesWhen the phrase â€Å"mental illness† is spoken, the immediate thought that pops into the individual’s mind is the extremes such as Schizophrenia, or Bipolar Disorder. However, the majority of mental disorders fall into the spectrum of quite common disorders such as Depression, Anxiety, or Obsessive Compulsion Disorder (OCD). Why should the first thing that people think of be negative? What makes people think this way? Society has a negative view of mental illness because of media portrayal, the attitudesRead MoreEssay Grief and Bereavement in The Catcher in the Rye2485 Words   |  10 Pages      Ã‚   The Catcher in the Rye has been described, analyzed, rebuffed, and critiqued over the years.   Each writer expresses a different point of view:   It is a story reflecting teen-agers talk--thoughts-emotions--actions; or angst.   I believe it is an adults reflection of his own unresolved grief and bereavements.   That adult is the author, J.D. Salinger.   He uses his main character, Holden, as the voice to vent the psychological misery he will not expose -or admit to. If there areRead MoreSimilarities Between Salinger And Harper Lee s The Rye 1987 Words   |  8 PagesIt’s quite evident that in the novels Catcher in the Rye and To Kill a Mockingbird there are striking similarities between these novels and their respective authors’ own lives. It could be said, that these authors simply used their own experiences as inspiration to their novels. However, when taken into consideration that protagonists own conflicts are indistinguishable between their own author s personal struggles. It is feasible in stating that J.D. Salinger and Harper Lee based their novel s’

Data Dictionary for Proposed System free essay sample

Data dictionary for proposed system Processes 1. Process: Accommodation and services Name| Accommodation and services| Description| Provide customer details and get accommodation and other services to the customer. System will provide confirmation details regarding reservations and tour organization. Provide dying and other events handle details to the customer. Input Data Flow| Customer and reservation details, Booking of dining/ conference or event details, Check in details, Check out details, Business centre receipt, Tour information, Reservation status, Agent registration details, Customer and reservation information| Output Data Flow| Availability and rate, Allocated room details, Business centre usage details, Customer details, Event booking details, Reservation and booking details, Confirmation of agent registration, Advance payment receipt for booking| Process| BeginRegister customerMake reservation or bookingConfirm reservation and bookingSend availability detailsRequest a t ourSend tour details to tour organizerSend a confirmation detailsEnd| 2. Process: Procumbent Name| Procumbent| Description| Make a request from suppliers about goods and get confirmation. Then send confirmation details to the management and do the payment for goods. | Input Data Flow| Quotation details, Delivery and payment receipt, Goods in stock information| Output Data Flow| Request goods details, Order confirmation and advance payment details, Payment details, Delivered goods details| Process| Check goods in storesRequest goods from suppliersGet quotation detailsOrder goodsDo the paymentsSend delivered goods details to the Goods Details fileEnd| 3. Process: Tour management Name| Tour management| Description| Get information from customers and send those details to the tour organization. Then provide confirmation detail to the customer and do the payment to the your organization| Input Data Flow| Tour information, Tour guide registration details, Acceptance details of tour, | Output Data Flow| Allocated agents details, Confirmation of registration, Guests tour information, Tour details, Tour guide information| Process| BeginRequest a tour Send tour details to the tour organizationSent the confirmation details Do the tour paymentsEnd| 4. Process: Payments Name| Payments| Description| Customers do the all payments regarding their services from the hotel and tour organization. Input Data Flow| Payment method details, Advance payment details,| Output Data Flow| Payment details, Payment receipt, Payment Information, Advance payment receipt| Process| BeginGiven payment methodDo the paymentProvide receipt detailsEnd| 5. Process: Employee management Name| Employee management| Descrip tion| Enter all employees registration details and give confirmation detail to the employee. Provide work schedule information, Payroll Details to the employee. | Input Data Flow| Employee details| Output Data Flow| Employee registration confirmation, Payroll Details, Work schedule information, Employee information| Process| BeginRegister employeeAssign work taskEnd| 6. Process: Report generate Name| Report generate| Description| Generates reports regarding customers, employees, payments, goods status, tour handling and etc. And provide those reports to the managers. | Input Data Flow| Accommodation and services details, Employee information| Output Data Flow| Status of goods, Generated reports| Process| BeginGenerated reportProvide them to managersEnd| Date stores 1. Customer file Name| Customer file| Description| Send customer registration details to the file| Input Data Flow| Customer details| Output Data Flow| | Data Structure | Customer_ID+c_name+c_address+c_contactNo+c_NIC+reg_date+guide_ID(FK)| 2. Employee file Name| Employee file| Description| Send Employees personal details, salary details, and assign task details. Input Data Flow| Employee details| Output Data Flow| Employee information, Employee registration confirmation, Payroll Details, Work schedule information| Data Structure | emp_ID+e_name+e_address+e_NIC+e_contact| 3. Goods details Name| Goods details| Description| Send request regarding goods. Get confirmation details and make the payments. | Input Data Flow| Delivered goods details| Output Data Flow| Goods in stock information| Data Structure | | 4. Agents file Name| Agents file| Description| Send every agent details to the file. | Input Data Flow| Agent details| Output Data Flow| -| Data Structure | a_ID+a_name+a_address+a_contact| 5. Reservations file Name| Reservations file| Description| Enter reservation details into the file| Input Data Flow| Reservation and booking details| Output Data Flow| Reservation status| Data Structure | res_No+ customer_ID(FK)+ DateAndTime+ Emp_No(FK)+ DateOfArrivel+ arrivelFor| 6. Event booking file Name| Event booking file| Description| Enter details regarding bookings all events| Input Data Flow| Event booking details| Output Data Flow| | Data Structure | booking_ID+ customer_ID(FK)+ Agent_ID(FK)+ dateAndTime+ Event+ NoOfPacks| 7. Tour guide file Name| Tour guide file| Description| Stored tour guides information| Input Data Flow| Tour guide information| Output Data Flow| -| Data Structure | guide_ID+ guide_name+ guide_address+ guide_NIC+ company_name| 8. Tours file Name| Tours file| Description| Insert customers’ tour details| Input Data Flow| Tour details| Output Data Flow| -| Data Structure | Tour_ID+ Tour_guide(FK)+ departureDate+ duration+ destination| Data flows Name| Customer and reservation details| Description| Send customer registration details and reservation details| Origin/Source| Customer, Reservations file| Destination/Sink| Accommodation and services | Name| Booking of dining, conference or event details| Description| Booking dining, conference and other events | Origin/Source| customer| Destination/Sink| Accommodation and services | Name| Reservation and booking details| Description| Stored reservation details in the reservation file| Origin/Source| Accommodation and services | Destination/Sink| Reservations file| Name| Reservation status| Description| Send reservation status | Origin/Source| Reservations file| Destination/Sink| Accommodation and services | Name| Event booking details| Description| Send event booking details to the file| Origin/Source| Accommodation and services | Destination/Sink| Event booking file| Name| Tour information| Description| Request send regarding a tour arrengment| Origin/Source| customer| Destination/Sink| Accommodation and services | Name| Guests tour information| Description| Send tour details to the tour organizer| Origin/Source| Tour management| Destination/Sink| Tour Guide| Name| Tour details| Description| Stored tour details into file| Origin/Source| Tour management| Destination/Sink| Tours file| Name| Request goods details| Description| Send a request to suppliers regarding goods| Origin/Source| Procumbent | Destination/Sink| supplier| Name| Goods in stock information| Description| Send details about the goods in the stores| Origin/Source| Goods details| Destination/Sink| Procumbent | Name| Agent details| Description| Send agents detail to the agent file| Origin/Source| Agent| Destination/Sink| Agents file| Name| Confirmation of agent registration| Description| Send confirmation details to the agent| Origin/Source| Accommodation and services | Destination/Sink| Agent| Name| Generated reports| Description| Send reports details to the customer| Origin/Source| Report generate| Destination/Sink| Manager| Name| Employee details| Description| Send employee personal details to the employee file| Origin/Source| Employee| Destination/Sink| Employee file| Name| Employee registration confirmation| Description| Send registration confirm details(EmployeeID)| Origin/Source| Employee management| Destination/Sink| Employee| Name| Payroll Details| Description| Send the payment details to the employee| Origin/Source| Employee management| Destination/Sink| Employee| Name| Work schedule information| Description| Send the assign task details to the employee| Origin/Source| Employee management| Destination/Sink| Employee| Entities Name| customer| Description| Give customer personal details and make reservation| Input Data Flow| Allocated agents details, Business centre usage details, Allocated room details, Availability and rate, Advance payment receipt, Payment Information, Payment receipt| Output Data Flow| Tour information, Check in details, Booking of dining, conference or event details, Customer and reservation details, Advance payment details, Payment method details| Name| Tour Guide| Description| Give confirmation details to the tour organization and send tour requests| Input Data Flow| Confirmation of registration, Guests tour information| Output Data Flow| Tour guide registration details, Acceptance details of tour | Name| supplier| Description| Send request of goods and get quotation details and send the payment details| Input Data Flow| Request goods details, Order confirmation and advance payment details, Payment details| Output Data Flow| Quotation details, Delivery and payment receipt| Name| Agent| Description| Send the agent details and get the confirmation details. Agents send the customer details and reservation details. Then get the reservation confirmation and send the payment details. Input Data Flow| Confirmation of agent registration, Availability details, Advance payment receipt for booking, Advance payment receipt| Output Data Flow| Agent details, Customer and reservation information, Agent registration details| Name| Manager| Description| Send g enerated reports details to the managers| Input Data Flow| Generated reports| Output Data Flow| | Name| Employee| Description| Send the employee details to the employee file. Send the registration confirmation details, Payroll Details, Work schedule information to the customers| Input Data Flow| Employee registration confirmation, Payroll Details, Work schedule information| Output Data Flow| Employee details|

The suppliants A monologue from the play by Euripides Essay Example For Students

The suppliants A monologue from the play by Euripides Essay A monologue from the play by Euripides NOTE: This monologue is reprinted from The Plays of Euripides in English, vol. ii. Trans. Shelley Dean Milman. London: J.M. Dent Sons, 1922. IPHIS: Why was this privilege, alas! denied To mortals, twice to flourish in the bloom Of youth, and for a second time grow old? For in our houses, we, if aught is found To have been ill contrived, amend the fault Which our maturer judgment hath descried; While each important error in our life Admits of no reform: but if with youth And ripe old age we twice had been indulged, Each devious step that marked our first career We in our second might set right. For children, Seeing that others had them, much I wished, And pined away with vehement desire; But if I had already felt these pangs, And from my own experience learnt how great Is the calamity to a fond father To be bereft of all his hopeful race, I into such distress had never fallen As now oerwhelms me, who begot a youth Distinguished by his courage, and of him Am no deprived. No more. But what remains For mewretch that I am? Shall I return To my own home, view many houses left Without inhabitants, and waste the dregs Of life in hopeless anguish, or repair To the abode of Capaneus, with joy By me frequented while my daughter lived? But she is now no more, who loved to kiss My furrowed cheeks and stroked this hoary head. Nought can delight us more than the attention Which to her aged sire a daughter pays: Though our male progeny have souls endued With courage far superior, yet less gently Do they these soothing offices perform. Will ye not quickly drag me to my home, And in some dungeons gloomy hold confine, To wear away these aged limbs by famine? Me, what, alas! can it avail to touch My daughters bones! What hatred do I bear To thee, O irresistible old age! Them, too, my soul abhors who vainly strive To lengthen out our little span of life; By th easy vehicle, the downy couch, And by the boasted aid of magic song, Labouring to turn aside from his career Remorseless death: when they who have no longer The strength required to serve their native land Should vanish, and to younger men give place. We will write a custom essay on The suppliants A monologue from the play by Euripides specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now

Free Essays on The Effects Of Mentoring Programs On First Year Teachers

INTRODUCTION School administrators have recognized that new teachers require more than education and positive teaching skills to be successful in the educational setting: they need the support of administration and other education professionals to assure their process of development. The development of mentoring programs as a means of addressing the needs of first year teachers has become the focus of many public education administrators. This study will evaluate the efficacy of mentoring programs on the perspectives of first year teachers, and will relate the findings in the current literature to a study of first year teachers. Problem Statement In recent years, the focus on mentoring programs has taken hold in public high schools, though the current research suggests varying outcomes in terms of the success in the induction and integration of new teaching professionals. Concerns over educational quality and the emergence of a large population of new teachers have resulted in the call for programming to assist in the induction and introduction of new teachers (Blair-Larson, 1998). There is evidence in the current literature that some mentoring processes are more successful than others and that some schools implementing alternative induction programs have had greater successes than existing mentoring structures (Halford, 1998; Blair-Larson, 1998; Smith, 1998). At the same time, educators and administrators have argued the general benefits of mentoring based in professional development and centered on the concept that established teachers have insight into the process of development that is necessary within every existing educational establishment. In order to consider the necessity for mentoring programs and the claims that mentoring programs are not as effective as other programs that focus on professional development within the school structure, it is necessary to evaluate the current literature and then consider the impacts of... Free Essays on The Effects Of Mentoring Programs On First Year Teachers Free Essays on The Effects Of Mentoring Programs On First Year Teachers INTRODUCTION School administrators have recognized that new teachers require more than education and positive teaching skills to be successful in the educational setting: they need the support of administration and other education professionals to assure their process of development. The development of mentoring programs as a means of addressing the needs of first year teachers has become the focus of many public education administrators. This study will evaluate the efficacy of mentoring programs on the perspectives of first year teachers, and will relate the findings in the current literature to a study of first year teachers. Problem Statement In recent years, the focus on mentoring programs has taken hold in public high schools, though the current research suggests varying outcomes in terms of the success in the induction and integration of new teaching professionals. Concerns over educational quality and the emergence of a large population of new teachers have resulted in the call for programming to assist in the induction and introduction of new teachers (Blair-Larson, 1998). There is evidence in the current literature that some mentoring processes are more successful than others and that some schools implementing alternative induction programs have had greater successes than existing mentoring structures (Halford, 1998; Blair-Larson, 1998; Smith, 1998). At the same time, educators and administrators have argued the general benefits of mentoring based in professional development and centered on the concept that established teachers have insight into the process of development that is necessary within every existing educational establishment. In order to consider the necessity for mentoring programs and the claims that mentoring programs are not as effective as other programs that focus on professional development within the school structure, it is necessary to evaluate the current literature and then consider the impacts of...

Word Choice All Together vs. Altogether

Word Choice All Together vs. Altogether Word Choice: All Together vs. Altogether What happens when two words become one? Sometimes, like with â€Å"all right† and â€Å"alright,† both terms mean the same thing. But then we have â€Å"all together† and â€Å"altogether.† These terms have a shared origin, but they have also developed distinct meanings in modern English. How, then, should we use them? And how can you avoid errors in your writing? Let us explain. All Together (All in One Place or All in Unison) Written as two words, â€Å"all together† usually means â€Å"all in one place†: My family and I were all together on vacation last year. A slightly different use is to mean â€Å"all in unison† or â€Å"all at the same time†: Let’s sing a Christmas carol. All together now! We can also separate the â€Å"all† and â€Å"together† in some sentences. For example: All of my family and I were together on vacation last year. Let’s all sing a Christmas carol together! These mean the same as the equivalent sentences above, but they have been restructured. The key factor is that â€Å"all† is a determiner and â€Å"together† is an adverb in all of these sentences. Altogether (Entirely or Taken as a Whole) Written as one word, â€Å"altogether† usually means â€Å"entirely† or â€Å"completely†: I’m not altogether sure you used that word correctly. Another use is to mean â€Å"takes as a whole† or â€Å"all things considered†: Altogether, it was the best Christmas we ever had. Finally, especially in the UK, â€Å"in the altogether† is a slang phrase for being nude. You probably don’t need to know this, as it’s quite rare. But we find the phrase amusing, so we thought we’d share. All Together or Altogether? These terms have developed distinct meanings over time, so make sure not to confuse them. Remember: The two-word phrase all together means â€Å"all in one place† or â€Å"all in unison.† Written as a single word, altogether means â€Å"entirely† or â€Å"taken as a whole.† If you are unsure which to use, try replacing it in the sentence with â€Å"entirely† or â€Å"taken as a whole.† If the replacement fits, â€Å"altogether† will be correct. Otherwise, â€Å"all together† will be correct. And if you’d like any help checking the spelling in your writing, feel free to get in touch.

What is Black Dance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

What is Black Dance - Essay Example The word ‘dance’ has not generated any controversy, historically and culturally. Everyone likes this word. Turn the page of history of the Blacks, in America; it is daubed in bloodshed and discrimination. It is mysterious and demands protection. Psychologically it seeks emancipation from external and internal emotional stress. It creates a barrier and has latent vulnerabilities. It is hungry for authority, independence and power that have been denied to it since centuries. Even today, African-American artistic community has not come to terms with the definition of Black Dance. Taking into consideration the ground realities, the respectability of Black Dance is little short of cultural apartheid and it smacks of cultural imperialism. It still reflects the stereotyped idea as to what is expected of a black artist or a choreographer. The mind of the viewer of the Black Dance is pre-set to a program, as to what is to be expected and what is not to be expected. The task of finding a final and appropriate definition of Black Dance is only possible for the enlightened group of individuals from the choreographers, dancers and other categories of artists and those with love for the art and critics free from the political and historical bias. Politicians, sociologists and historians should stand clear of this delicate task. Those with a fixed attitude of the mind, and whose mind is flooded with reports of incidents of atrocities against the blacks by the white community will not be able to arrive at a fair assessment as for the merits of the definition of Black Dance. The historical wounds would perhaps never heal even when the Constitution of America guarantees freedom and equal rights for all. But the grim reminders of slavery that begin in the year 1884 and the series of inhuman atrocities committed against them over the decades is impossible to erase from the mind of a student of history of blacks. Keep aside the emotional aspect of the Black Dance for a while and come to its realities and categories as an art form. Hip-hop is a kind of black dance, but it is not the exclusive domain of the black artists. Black Dance generally concentrates in lower positions like going to the ground and other parallel movements, unlike Ballet, where the artists are ever eager to leap into air and mostly work on toe s. But black dances are powerful and exciting; they jump all the time to the rhythm of the drums. They swing their arms and heads, and seem to engage the challenges of life. Black Dance performances do not relate to the suffering and submissive aspect of the black people. Some dances also represent the fierce convictions of those who never barter the freedom of their souls and do not submit to the highhanded attitudes of the whites. They take a challenging stand against the vicissitudes of the community. Their rhythmic movements, to the accompaniment of sound and the musical instruments indicate their inner joy, in trying to pierce the wall of frustration to seek the sunlight of hope. Pearl Primus argues â€Å"Dance is only a part of the whole or the complex living† African dance represents their life, their souls, and their beliefs. Also, â€Å"African dance ranges from the subtlest and most lyric of movements to the most dynamic, from the most sophisticated choreographed p resentations to the simplest.† ( p, 3-11)Black Dance is not restricted to the stage performances in the American cities; it has a profound history, which is

Week 10 Ethical-legal issues as an Advanced Practice Nurse Assignment

Week 10 Ethical-legal issues as an Advanced Practice Nurse - Assignment Example nurses to recognize that they should expose themselves to opportunities that allow them to take part in policymaking, as well as to influence changes that will improve the country’s healthcare system (Kjervik & Brous, 2010). In the second passage, the writer is equally up to the task of briefly discussing the influence that a nurse has in outcomes in healthcare using ethical models and frameworks in solving ethical and moral dilemmas. With regards to the role of ethics, many nurses are faced with practice dilemmas when it comes to situations that involve individual care for the patient (Jansen & Zwygart-Stauffacher, 2010). The writer, however, should have gone further to mention the manner in which ethical justice principles should guide equal and fair treatment for all patients and how nurses have to deal with the consequences that arise due to a limitation in societal and organizational financial resources (Grace, 2009). As aptly covered by the writer, the skills and knowledge of a nurse are essential factors that contribute to a practicing nurse’s ability to influence patient care in a way that is

The First Day Essay Example for Free

The First Day Essay The set-up for the beginning of the story describes the narrator’s social status. It appears that when the narrator was young, she came from a low income family, her mother states: â€Å"You gonna go there and learn about the whole world† (Jones 29). The mother says these words as if she was aiming for her child to achieve a great goal, the narrator says: â€Å"For as many Sundays as I can remember, perhaps even Sundays when I was in her womb, my mother has pointed across I street to Seaton†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Jones 29). This indicates that it was her mother’s dream to initiate her daughter’s studies in what she believed was the best school. A parent of higher income would not dream to send his or her child to a high class school; the parent would just do it. Also, the narrator gives an in-depth description of the preparation that she endures as her mother attempts to perfect her appearance, wanting to make the impression that her daughter belongs at school, and does not deserve a life in poverty. Furthermore, the narrator gives another hint of her past social status when she says: â€Å"I am learning this about my mother: The higher up on the scale of respectability a person is-and teachers are rather high up in her eyes- the less she is liable to let them push her around† (Jones 29). If the narrator’s mother considers teachers to Pg. 2 be of a higher social status, then, this would mean that the narrator’s mother either did not have an education or did not complete her studies, which is relatively common among people of extreme poverty. The story continues, and it shows her mother’s determination in giving her child a better future. This is observed when the narrator’s mother doesn’t give up after she was told that because of the location where she lived she couldn’t get her child to attend Seaton Elementary School, which was the school she always wanted her child to go to. The narrator’s mother doesn’t give up and tells her daughter, â€Å"One monkey don’t stop no show† (Jones 29), showing her intensions to continue on looking for a place where her daughter can be educated. Eventually the narrator’s mother does find a school which would take her daughter, but the encouraging attitude is quickly veiled when during her admission to the new school, the narrator finds out that her mother cannot read and write. The narrator learns that this is not normal, even though she is very young, she could identify that her mother doesn’t have the ability to read or write like the rest of people. This was the beginning when the narrator, even though young, begins to understand that there was going to be a change in her life. Her mother lets her know this by cutting short a game they always use to play, she makes her understand that this was a significant situation, and even though she didnt quite understand, things were going to be different from that point forward. Based on the aforementioned passages, which serve as supporting evidence, and the puzzle I would intent to explain next, I believe is very clear that the narrator’s shame of her mother began on her first day of school. I built this argument because according to the story this particular day was the beginning of a change in the narrator’s life; she stated: â€Å"On an otherwise unremarkable September morning†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Jones 27), she clearly points that this was a â€Å"remarkable â€Å"day in her life, a day she cannot Pg. 3 forget. Through the book scenarios, we learned that by being able to go to school, the narrator is probably on a much higher social level than her mother ever was, and by having an education the narrator was able to grow out of poverty and despites the fact that she was ever poor. In addition, the fact that her mother was not able to read shamed her to the core, and her humiliation did began her first day of school, when she realized that she was poor and her mother was an uneducated woman; that is what the narrator was ashamed of. Thickening the plot, the story also suggests that because that her mother was no â€Å"push† over among people of higher class, it could have created several arguments as the narrator grew intellectually and socially. Perhaps, being â€Å"now† and educated woman, she rather admit to be ashamed of her mother because she had extreme arguments with her, and would blame her mother’s ignorance to her new world and social life, but the narrator would not accept that it was because her mother couldn’t read; after all, this would be too awful since deep inside she knew that it was her mother who made her into the accomplished person she is. But the shame on her mother did in-fact started when she became aware that her mother was illiterate. It is sad that a child would be ashamed of her own mother, especially after she made every effort to see her child succeed. Being an immigrant from another country, I knew the sacrifices my mother had to endure in order to provide me with a better future, but in-turn I continued my mother’s dreams through my successes in life and pride all her sacrifices. The narrator never realized that she inherited the feel of superiority and arrogance from her mother: As the narrator’s mother left the school, her footsteps signified strength, diligence, determination, and the endurance she was passing on to her daughter. The mother understood that this was going to be the start of a new life for her daughter in order to make sure that she would never be like her, but she was indeed. Pg. 4 Citations * Jones, E. P. (1992). Lost in the city, the first day.

A Summers Love Essays -- essays research papers fc

A Summer Love William Shakespeare wrote about many people, places, and things throughout his life. What he might be most remembered for are his writings about love. None might be better than his sonnet 18. Shakespeare uses imagery, personification, unusual techniques and remarkable feelings in this declaration. Few have matched such a task including himself. This short sonnet number 18 is one of the best known and most loved of all 154 poems. Mabillard states that â€Å"It is also one of the most straightforward in language and intent† (Mabillard). Shakespeare starts the sonnet by the praise of his lady friend without ostentation, but he slowly builds the image of his lady friend into that of a perfect being. Shakespeare illustrates that as history writes itself down in the books, his friend or loved lady, will become one with time. The poet's hope that as long as there is breath in mankind, his poetry too will live on. Shakespeare uses a vast amount of imagery in his sonnet. Each line adds to his feeling and thoughts through flowing visions and comparisons. â€Å"Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, / And summer’s lease hath all too short a date.† (Kennedy and Gioia). This line down plays summer and shows the negatives of the season. Shakespeare gives the fact sharp winds attack what beautiful flowers the ground and trees put out in the spring. This asks the question; if summer is so nice and perfect, how could it do this to something so lovely as the small buds on a tree or a flower? The next line sugge sts summer is short and ends far to quickly for most people’s liking. Shakespeare’s love could never end like summer does. He knows there is no limit such as time to his feelings and thoughts. Throughout the sonnet, Shakespeare combines personification and imagery to add to the effect on the mind’s eye and its view of his love. â€Å"Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, / And often is his gold complexion dimmed† (Kennedy and Gioia) are two lines which show this perfectly. Ray says that â€Å"Complexion in line 6 refers only to physical appearance in the face and that it points to the face of the personified sun† (Ray). Shakespeare puts down the sun which is often a favorite part of most people during summer. He also states â€Å"Shakespeare certainly also assumes the other meaning of ‘complexion’ most c... ...akespeare indented them. Therefore, they stand out and are very prominent. Being at the end of the sonnet was not enough for Shakespeare final emphasis. He had to thrust them out of the page at all who can see. This shows he is completely and utterly serious about his love if the other lines did not prove it. A strong beginning and ending just like his love. This sonnet is the prototype for one’s feelings on love. Though it is not for sure who Shakespeare is writing to, one thing is certain: his love is everlasting and beautiful. He describes his feelings almost as well as he feels them and gives the same feelings to the audience. He outdid himself with his work and few things can match his words and heart he put into this sonnet. Works Cited Kennedy X.J. and Dana Gioia, eds. Literature: An Introduction. 9th ed. New York: Longman, 2005. pg 815-816. Ray, Robert H. "Shakespeare's Sonnet 18." The Explicator. Washington: Fall 1994. Vol. 53, Iss. 1, p 10-11. Mabillard, Amanda. "An Analysis of Shakespeare's Sonnet 18". Shakespeare Online. 2000. June 26, 2005. .

Team assignment project

The following project proposal defines why Struck made the decision to expand, what the role is of the consultant and Struck management on the project, the project goals, and the tools that will be used o manage the project. Problem and Opportunity By applying analysis techniques, namely SOOT, and STEEPLE, to company performance Struck gains clarity about the company's strengths and weaknesses.Struck' strengths include its reputation for innovation and creativity, frontrunner's position of its industry with 9,000 cafes in 40 countries around the world, and its strong ethical values and mission. Company's primary weakness is a lack of diversification, which created by its limited portfolio and distribution. Struck portfolio depends heavily on one primary' product: coffee. Furthermore, the company hinders distribution potential by conducting 75% of its business within the United States. The company's weakness presents an excellent purport nits: expansion.Expansion of the company's port folio and expansion into other countries enables the company to both increase presence within its current industry sect and establish presence in other sects (Rapid Business Intelligence Success – Streaming, 2013; Marketing Teacher, 201 3; Rapid Business Intelligence Success – Mission, 2013; Struck, 2013). Roles of the Cons Titan and Management There are certain roles the insulate and the Struck management team must perform to make the project successful. Because there is a lack of diversification, the consultant must focus on how to expand the product line for Struck.The consultant must determine how to create a greater global presence, keep the current clientele, and yet attract coffee drinkers around the globe to visit the Struck establishment. The consultant will need to determine whether the same menu items are equally popular in all areas of the country and if introducing new menu items is advantageous to all the restaurants. Finally, he consultant will need to d etermine if the diversified menu will be appropriate in other parts of the world. Consultant's partner with management to get the job done.Management works with the consultants to provide them with as much information as possible. Management will need to communicate fully with the consultants and encourage the current employees to cooperate so the consultants can collect the most information possible. Defining the Project Goals Introduction of new products and rapid expansion of retail stores with new store concepts with all new distribution channels has to be he primary focus of Struck. To expand the market share, in United States as well as all the regions of its operations, Struck will expand its portfolio of products (Hickman & Hickman, 2008).Struck main product is coffee, the company will focus to expand its operations into other beverages such as tea, grocery stores, rest stops, etc. For this purpose, than introducing a newly start marketing the products, it should concentrate to attain product acquisitions (Hickman & Hickman, 2008). Since most of its operations are based out of United States, Struck will focus to increase its revenues by tarring more stores in emerging markets such as China, India, and Turkey. Tools, Processes, and Methodologies The goal is to expand globally.With this in mind, the consultant will use the association method to gain insight on the competition in the industry in the different desired locations. To ensure clients are frequently informed of the progression, and an outlet stays open for the need for further information, the consultant will maintain contact with the appropriate business managers. All activities will be logged to maintain a good record of the projects progression. This allows the consultant to reflect on the project, learn from the experience, and identify ways to improve future performance (Hickman, P; Hickman, L. 008). Another technique that will be used to manage the project is benchmarking. This method wil l be particularly helpful as this is a large project. Conclusion In conclusion, with the Struck expanding globally, the company will not only increase their current state of diversification, but also increase opportunity to own a presence in other business sectors, and ultimately increase revenue. The consultant on this project will work closely with key business leaders and SE the defined methods to manage the project.

Cadbury Report Essay

Introduction Initial corporate governance developments in the UK began in the late 1980s and early 1990s in the wake of corporate scandals. Cadbury Report (1992) defines ‘Corporate Governance as An Act of governing by the board of Directors†. Financial reporting irregularities led to the establishment of the ‘Financial Aspects of Corporate Governance Committee’ led by Sir Adrian Cadbury. The resulting Cadbury Report published in 1992 outlined a number of recommendations around the separation of the role of an organisation’s chief executive and chairman, balanced composition of the board, selection processes for non-executive directors, transparency of financial reporting and the need for good internal controls. The Cadbury Report included what is termed as â€Å"The Code of Best Practice† and its recommendations were incorporated into the Listing Rules of the London Stock Exchange. The Code was initially directed to the board of directors of all listed companies registered in the UK, but it is was not limited to only the listed companies as it also encouraged many other companies as possible to aim at meeting their requirements. Bringing greater clarity to the respective responsibilities of directors, shareholders and auditors will also strengthen trust in the corporate system. Companies whose standards of corporate governance are high are the more likely to gain the confidence of investors and support for the development of their businesses. According to Cadbury Report (1992) By Law, all directors are responsible for the stewardship of the company’s assets. Conclusion and Recommendations The Cadbury Report was followed by three more major reports: Greenbury (1995), Hampel (1998) and Turnbull (1999). The Greenbury Report responded to the concerns about the level of executive pay rises, especially in the privatised utilities. The Hampel Report reviewed the progress of companies in responding to the Cadbury and Greenbury Reports and made some suggestions for improvement. The Turnbull Report addressed the important issue of how to implement best practice systems of internal control. The Report had set a deadline of 30 June 1993 for the beginning of reporting compliance with the Code. By this time 54 out of 66 reporting FTSE100 companies had complied  with the reporting requirement. The percentage of companies with combined CEO and Chairman of the board had declined from 25% to 15%. Within a year the percentage of FTSE350 companies with remuneration and audit committees had doubled and the percentage with nomination committees was rising. The result of all this activiti es is that UK corporate governance ranks as the most open and transparent system of any in the leading industrialised countries. The UK is now ranked ahead of the US in terms of the quality of the environment facing investors on the basis of the governance practices of the firms they are most likely to invest in. Compliance with the Code of best Practise was not enforced and it was not mandatory many firms subjected. Many firms conformed because they did not want to fall victim to the destructive consequences resulting from the disregard of corporate governance. References Cadbury, A. (2002). Corporate Governance and Chairmanship: A Personal View. New York, Oxford University Press Cadbury, A. (1990) .The Company Director, London: Director Books. Cadbury, A. (2000).‘The Corporate Governance Agenda’, Corporate Governance, Vol.8 (1), pp.7-15.

Collision Martial Art School

Collision Martial Art School Executive summary Collision Martial Arts’ vision statement is to provide the means for each and every individual to possess a more productive and fulfilling life experience from martial arts by learning respect, honor, self discipline, self defense and physical fitness in a professional structure and friendly environment.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Collision Martial Art School specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The main objective is to create an environment where individuals will learn martial arts while enjoying their experience, inner personal growth and physical and mental achievement. For Collision to fulfill these targets, the company has to provide its customers with the highest quality martial arts training and physical fitness, which will increase their self esteem, concentration, discipline and self growth (Braun 2002). Market summary Market size, trends and opportunities Trends in the industr y show that individuals are no longer seeking martial arts classes primarily for defense skills but are mostly driven by other reasons such as recreation and fitness needs. Parents enroll their children in order to keep them active, while the elderly seek such services to increase their balance and coordination. Growth in the industry will be driven by cultural and societal trends, with more and more people seeking martial arts for therapeutic and health reasons. The US is undergoing a culture change that has seen more and more people gain interest in routine exercise. As people adopt the living healthily norm, Collision Martial Arts will take advantage of the opportunity by opening several outlets within Chicago, and other major cities within the country. Collision may also take advantage of this by continually informing the public on the importance of keeping fit through martial arts programs. The market is expected to achieve a 15 per cent growth rate in near future, fueled by ch anges in societal preferences and population growth in Chicago. Campaigns on losing weight and fighting obesity currently sweeping the nation are encouraging individuals to join, and enroll their children, in fitness centers such as martial arts schools in order to improve on their health. Some people have also expressed their dissatisfaction with diet products since they take time to be effective, and also deny people the opportunity to occasionally eat appealing foods that may be high in fats.Advertising Looking for coursework on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These people can turn to martial arts schools that offer fitness programs, whereby the individuals can also benefit from the discipline taught in such schools, such as perseverance, humility and courage. Collision Martial Arts School can provide weight loss classes, or programs, to attract this class of individuals. Baby boomers also presen t an opportunity for the growth of Collision Martial Arts School’s revenues. The number of over 60 year olds visiting fitness centers has increased as the old individuals try to keep fit and avoid the health problems associated with their old age. Most of he old are also retirees, and may need a hobby to engage in, and a place where they could also socialize with their peers. Collision could incorporate involving activities in some of its classes in a bid to attract the older members of the society. For a martial arts establishment to succeed in the industry, the business should have a competitive pricing policy and favorable hours of operations. Location will also serve as a competitive factor, with establishments near suburbs and other residential areas having more competitive advantage. Start-up costs of setting up a martial arts establishment are relatively low, indicating that there are limited barriers to entry (Bates 2008). Collision Martial Arts School has to differen tiate itself in order to offset growth expected increase in competition as the market grows. The main threat that Collision Martial Arts School faces comes from fully specialized martial arts schools such as Degerberg Academy, Shinjinkai, Jiu-Jitsu Institute and POW! Kids who all offer more facilities and activities. Indirect competitors in the form of gyms and other fitness centers may take advantage of the popularity growth of martial arts by offering classes in their facilities, thereby increasing competition in the industry.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Collision Martial Art School specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Other competitors offering low cost classes in studio sized facilities also present a challenge for new entrants into the market. Most low cost establishments offer more convenience to their clients due to their proximity to residential areas. An economic downturn may also affect Collision Mart ial Arts School since martial arts could be considered by most as a non-essential service. A downturn in the economy would result into sharp drops in revenues as more people cut back on expenses. Market demographics Martial arts include various disciplines, including Muay Thai, Judo, Jiu Jitsu, Aikido, and Tae Kwon Do. Most martial arts schools teach popular disciplines, while Collision seeks to offer mixed classes, emphasizing on disciplines that enforce the school’s strategy of keeping its students fit and healthy. Majority of the adults who engage in martial arts do so as a way of keeping fit, rather than reasons such as learning vital martial arts fighting skills. Women may partake in martial arts for security reasons, believing that stand a better chance of defending themselves once they have enrolled for martial arts classes. More boys than girls are likely to be interested in martial arts, in terms of children. The reason behind this may be that boys are more physicall y active than girls. Ethnicity is not an issue in martial arts, with people of all cultural backgrounds standing almost similar probabilities of enrolling for martial arts classes. The household income could also influence recruitment in martial arts classes, whereby the more the income, the more the chances that the parents, or their children, could enroll for martial arts. This could be due to the added disposable income, whereby such parents are more likely to indulge in other activities after satisfying their basic and social needs.Advertising Looking for coursework on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Martial arts schools and fitness centers that are located in high income neighborhoods have a higher probability of success than those located in low income residential areas. Another reason for this is that martial arts could be perceived as an activity for the wealthier in society, therefore explaining why more fitness facilities are located in affluent residential areas. Customer preferences People would prefer martial arts schools that are located in proximity with their residential areas in order to provide ease of transport to and fro their homes. A martial arts center that is situated in the middle of a residential area is likely to generate interest from the local inhabitants. Adults will be more comfortable when enrolling for martial arts schools when they know that they can access such facilities without disrupting their daily schedule. A close school would mean that adults can access evening classes after they get of work related activities. No frills fitness establishmen ts are gaining popularity in the country, with customers of such establishment saving costs by purchasing only basic requirements. Customers may prefer saving on unnecessary expenses, such as a personal locker and showers, when they can easily access them in their homes. Low cost competitors take advantage of this by not offering traditional amenities such as lockers and showers, thereby passing on the cost savings to customers who will simply attend a martial arts class and take showers in their houses. Long term contracts, such as annual and 6 month contracts, could deter potential customers who want to learn martial arts for a few weeks. Lengthy contracts greatly inconvenience customers since they make them indebted to the martial arts school once they sign the contracts. Further more, customers may reallocate to another region, making it harder to access the schools facilities even though they the school still expects them to pay monthly subscriptions. Marketing strategies Targe t market The main basis for segmentation in this market would be through age distribution. Collision martial arts school is in a broad market, whereby the school aims to position itself with the young generation. The school projects that 50 per cent of its members will be in the 6-12 age groups, while only 30 per cent of members will be aged 30 or above. Due to the largely young member base, the school will be a fun and exciting place for members to train and improve their fitness levels. The school will also offer a wide variety of activities in order to keep members interested and involved in the school. Collision aims to market itself as a one-stop martial arts school, whereby students can expect to learn a wide range of activities. Parents can be assured that their children will be taught on how to manage their energy in positively, develop endurance and humility and above all, respect for others. Collision may occasionally require its students to engage in volunteer programs si nce the school wants its students to grow both physically and internally. The goal of the school is to teach its students to succeed by providing them with the tools of becoming positive role models, and to contribute to society by making it a better place for all members of the community. Marketing mix The main goal of Collision Martial Arts School is to provide its members with quality martial arts instructions and training, while facilitating a safe and positive learning environment where students of all ages can have an enjoyable experience. The 2100 sqf space leased by the school will be spacious enough to accommodate various classes that will be taking place simultaneously. The school will be located 2934 N Milwaukee making it easily accessible and providing ample parking space for all members. The school’s 10 experienced instructors are assured to deliver quality training services to all members. The Collision Martial Arts School will take on a cost leadership approach in its pricing policy. A value-priced fee structure of $80 per month for members aged between 6 and 12 years old will be adopted. Beginners and intermediates, who will form part of the basic program, will be charged $85 per month, while the Black Belt Club members, who are more competitive, will be charged $90 per month. The cost structure is not rigid as the school will periodically review the fees paid by loyal members, while promotional discounts will also be offered to members who recruit new students. The school will carry out an aggressive promotional campaign, with school teams setting up demonstrations of the Collision’s activities in local shopping and strip malls parking lots in order to create awareness and develop interest in Collision martial arts school. Advertisements will be placed in popular fitness magazines and newspapers. The school will offer 30 days of free lessons to all interested persons, whereby the school expects to recruit six to eight out of ever y 10 people who take up the free lessons offer. An introductory package of $29 will feature two personal training sessions, together with a uniform. An introductory 6 month contract Collision martial arts school aims to position itself as a modern martial arts institution, relying on its modern state of the art facilities, quality instructions and convenient hours. The school’s member base will largely be made up of young kids, hence implemented programs will be entertaining and adventuresome, providing a fun and exciting place for young members to train and learn. The school will not be limited to young members as Collision will also provide services for the local police force, bodyguards and anyone interested in martial arts in the Chicago area, thereby providing the school with a wider revenue steam. Assuring accessibility to the school’s classes would be a quick and effective way of increasing membership. Favorable pricing policies are likely to attract and retain members, and ward off the competitions’ efforts. Differentiation of services at the martial arts school will increase the intrinsic value to consumers, thereby increasing levels of loyalty and lower membership turnover rates. Effective promotional activities that communicate Collision Martial Arts School value delivery and affordability will create awareness for the school’s classes and profile, increasing interest in martial arts, hence lead to increase in membership rates. Location and layout Location Collision Martial Arts School will serve a large community area in Chicago, along W North Ave. the area is far from the noise and pollution of the city, and nearness to the park means that students can go on runs in order to exercise for the classes. The location also experiences little traffic, so members can easily access the classes with little restrictions. Collision martial arts school will focus spending on flooring, installing mirrors, restrooms and an office are a, a front desk sales counter and a store front sign. Simplicity will be the theme of the layout, with a simple studio equipped with mirrors whereby students can evaluate their movements during class sessions. Floor mats will be used to make sure that students learn martial arts in a safe environment, and prevent potential injuries. Labor needs and supply Collision requires 10 martial arts instructors with experience in various disciplines, therefore providing valuable input in teaching. The owner of Collision Martial arts school, Cinthia Flores, has a fifth degree black belt in judo, and will be available to offer her invaluable knowledge to the school. The staff should be willing to work on flexible hours, though a schedule will drawn up to make sure that their time is used appropriately, especially in full classes. The floor space will be big enough to handle a class of up to 15 individuals at a time, whereby classes can be divided in case members exceed the number. Five to six t eachers will be constantly involved in personal training sessions, while the rest will be deal with class activities. Collision Martial Arts School’s location is a drive away from children centers such as Hope Christian School and Frances Starms Early Childhood, thereby enforcing on Collision’s strategy of targeting young members. Occasionally, two instructors may be sent into the field to create awareness and promote the collision martial arts school in areas such as shopping malls and schools in accordance with the school’s marketing campaign. The instructors will be paid commission, and over time, for their efforts. Schools and shopping malls will be alerted well in advance in order to allow the school to plan for the visits, and schedule their sale force. Financials Gross profit margins Collision will have to offer an attractive pay package in order to keep its experienced instructors. Martial arts teachers will receive an annual salary of between $15,000 an d $20,000 per year, depending on their experience and work load. This would mean that the martial arts school would have to make more than $200,000 a year in order to break even. An aggressive campaign will try to recruit more members, and ultimately revenues for the school. The proposed future plans to expand and accommodate a health club exercise gym for parents to enjoy while children are in classes will increase membership, while plans to train police officers in the near future will provide the school with more revenue streams. References Bates, M. (2008). Health fitness management: a comprehensive resource for managing and operating programs and facilities, 2nd ed. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Braun, E. (2002). How to Buy and Manage a Fitness Club: A Guide to Success and Profit. Haverford, PA: Buy Books on the web.

Christmas Tree Elephant Toothpaste Chemistry Demo

Christmas Tree Elephant Toothpaste Chemistry Demo Did you know you can do the elephant toothpaste demonstration to make a Christmas tree holiday chemistry demonstration? Its extremely easy, plus it makes an excellent demo to do before the  holiday break! Christmas Tree Elephant Toothpaste Materials There are a few ways to set this up to make a Christmas tree. The key is to add green food coloring to get the tree effect and then either perform the demonstration in an erlenmeyer flask, which naturally produces the tree shape, or else perform the reaction in a tube with a tree template placed over it. You can make a tree shape from aluminum foil, with slots cut up the side and an opening at the top to force the foam from the reaction out into the proper shape. 50 ml of detergent100 ml of 30% hydrogen peroxide10 ml of a saturated solution of potassium iodidegreen food coloringerlenmeyer flask or homemade Christmas tree model Procedure Place the erlenmeyer or your Christmas tree container on the lab bench. Add the detergent, peroxide and food coloring.Pour the potassium iodide solution into this mixture to catalyze the reaction.Optionally, touch a glowing splint to the foam tree to relight the splint and demonstrate that the bubbles are filled with oxygen. Safety Information Hydrogen peroxide is an oxidizer. This demonstration uses a higher concentration of hydrogen peroxide than the home variety, which means you need to wear gloves to protect your hands against an accidental splash or spill, which could cause a burn. Chemistry Hydrogen peroxide is catalytically decomposed into water and oxgen. This is a nice example of an exothermic reaction. The audience will be able to see steam rising from the foam. The overall equation for the elephant toothpaste chemical reaction is: 2 H2O2(aq) → 2 H2O(l) O2(g) The decomposition reaction of the hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen is catalzyed by the iodide ion. H2O2(aq) I-(aq) → OI-(aq) H2O(l) H2O2(aq) OI-(aq) → I-(aq) H2O(l) O2(g) Dishwashing detergent is added to capture the oxygen and form bubbles. This is an exothermic reaction which may produce steam. Kid-Friendly Version of the Demonstration If you cant obtain 30% hydrogen peroxide or simply want a demonstration that is safe enough for kids to perform, you can perform an easy variation of this demonstration: detergentwarm water3% hydrogen peroxide (the type sold at pharmacies)pack of active yeast (from a grocery store)green food coloring In an erlenmeyer or tree-shaped container, mix together 1/4 cup detergent, 1/2 cup of the 3% hydrogen peroxide and several drops of green food coloring.In a separate container, stir the packet of yeast into a small amount of warm water. Allow 5 minutes for the yeast to activate before proceeding with the demonstration.Perform the demonstration by pouring the yeast mixture into the peroxide and detergent mixture. This reaction does not produce the huge volume of foam of the traditional elephant toothpaste reaction, but all of the chemicals are safe enough for kids to handle. In this reaction, yeast catalyzes the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen gas: 2H2O2 → 2H2O O2(g) As in the other reaction, the detergent captures the oxygen to form bubbles. Less foam is produced because there is a smaller amount of hydrogen peroxide to decompose. Learn More Red and Green Color Change Christmas DemonstrationElephant Toothpaste VariationsBorax Crystal Snowflake Decoration

Aristotle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Aristotle - Essay Example Particularly, they figured in area of rhetorical reasoning and inquiry. Epagoge, in Aristotle’s theoretical inquiry, is the inductive procedure, which leads to the establishment of explanatory first principles as well as a demonstrative procedure that solves problems encountered on the way toward principles by deducing their correct answers from these principles once they are found.1 On the other hand, Aristotle treated nous as actually nothing but potentially all the things we can know. 2 Its significance in the scientific procedure and relationship with epagoge is anchored on its intuitive role. Nous can compare or operate through judgments by the combination or separation of concepts. The acquisition of practical first principles - moral as well as technical – is the work of reason, but not of discursive reason; it is the work of nous†¦ Nous is simply that human faculty that enables us to cognize universals on the basis of our sense-perceptions and experience; epagoge is the functioning of that faculty. (204) It is helpful, in understanding how nous and epagoge work and function, to remember that for Aristotle, all knowledge comes from pre-existing knowledge. He drew a distinction between knowledge and the preexisting knowledge – those that are knowable without qualification. Pre-existing knowledge is the outcome of sense perception while knowledge is acquired from the first principles that were borne out of induction (epagoge). (50) And so, Aristotle enlightened us that the process starts from our sensory encounters with individual material things and these encounters provide the basis of our intellectual judgments, which is the epagoge. The upshot of this process is that we are taken beyond the mere contingent empirical generalization of facts. This Aristotelian procedure, writes Newton-Smith, results in the transmission of â€Å"the natural necessity of the premises to the conclusions, thereby assuring that the entire body of scientific

Social media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Social media - Essay Example However, fashion brands also have to be aware of the difficulties that they raise by adopting the digital approach. In recent years, social networking websites such as Facebook and Twitter have developed a platform for people to connect and create a community for mutual interests. Social media not only allows consumers to interact and build relationships, it also helps to stimulate discussions on key ideas, thoughts and interests. Since social media has become widely used for communication and businesses have kept up with fast pace of the change in technology and incorporated this emerging, innovative platform into their marketing strategies. Social media marketing has become a significant element for digital marketing as it allows businesses to learn about customers and provide support in order to improve the consumer perception towards the company. (Chaffey & Ellis-Chadwick, 2012) (P.535) Even though social media is identified as a low-cost media platform that allows businesses to communicate brand activities, the adoption of social media by fashion houses was a little slower as they fear that their well-developed brand images would be damaged by the transparency and openness of the brand information. While traditional advertising channels have more control on the output and minimize the risk of their messages being misinterpreted, such an approach invariably has its costs. (Meadows, 2012)(P.163) The brand was founded in Toronto, Canada in 1985 and acquired as a subsidiary of Polo Ralph Lauren Corporation in 1999. As such, it is a popular fashion and lifestyle brand among international shoppers and is distributed in more than 115 stockists ; spanning from the United States, Canada, Hong Kong, China, Seoul, Singapore and a litany of others. By using the brand’s highly acclaimed blog, Culture Club is the highlight of its social media marketing strategy and develops alongside other social media platforms to distribute the

Economics development Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Economics development - Assignment Example I will carry out a randomized control trial among 482 rural Guatemalan households, split into 38 neighborhoods clusters, for twelve weeks. The target population in this randomized control trial will mainly consist of infants aged below one year. Each cluster randomly assigned to water treatment with the disinfectant will be compared with the ones that continue to use their normal water treatment practices. Only households that had not previously taken part in any prior studies shall be eligible for this study. The participating households will be grouped four neighborhoods within every village. Using a spreadsheet with a random number generator, half of the neighborhoods in each village will be assigned to the intervention group while the remaining will be assigned to the control group. Households in the intervention group will use the disinfectant which is manufactured from chemicals used in commercial water treatment plants but has been specifically designed to work fast in small q uantities of water. Field workers will administer the treatment to participating households. Participants in the control group continued their normal water collection, treatment and storage practices. A standardized questionnaire on water use will be filled weekly by each participating household to record whether each household will have had a case of diarrhea. Samples of drinking water stored by every household will also be collected by each household and measured to determine the chlorine concentration. The longitudinal prevalence of diarrhea among the 482 households will be computed as the fraction of total days with diarrhea divided by the overall number of days of observation. The prevalence of diarrhea will then be compared using a rank sum test. I will use data gathered from the randomized control trial to determine the existence of any adequate power to detect a variation in the prevalence of diarrhea between control children and intervention children aged below one

Landfill And Material Recycling In Malaysia

Landfill And Material Recycling In Malaysia The generation of solid waste, and particularly Municipal Solid Waste, is a consequence of modem living and an increasingly urbanized society. Solid waste prevention and management is one of the keys to sustainable environment and development. Waste is defined as an object the holder discards, intends to discard or is required to discard [1-2]. Something becomes waste when it loses its primary function for the user. Waste is therefore relative to this primary function. However, and this is the second perspective, what is considered waste with regard to this primary function may be useful for a secondary function. In other words, somebodys waste is often somebody elses (secondary) raw material [1]. Solid waste can be typically classified as: municipal solid waste including plastic waste (MSW), construction and demolition waste (CD), hazardous solid wastes (HW), bio-medical waste (BMW), and electronic waste (e-waste) [3]. Municipal solid waste (MSW) management comprises of practices ra nging from waste collection to final disposal which is connected in numerous ways to many other environmental, economic, and social issues with most of the answers having broader implications. Sustainable waste management is about using resources more efficiently both at the raw and finished state [4-7]. Looking from the perspective of sustainable waste management practices and the environment, the technologies or policies on MSW management should embody a reasonable balance of feasible, cost-effective, environmentally beneficial, and socially sensitive solutions to the problems. It means that a sustainable waste management practice does not only achieve a specific goal in MSW management, it takes into account the demands of the specific situations where the proposed solution is to be implemented [8]. Solid waste management is a major challenge for Malaysia to address in the light of her Vision 2020 which lays out the direction for Malaysia in becoming a fully developed nation. The National Vision Policy (NVP), developed to meet the challenges posed by Vision 2020, incorporates key strategies of the New Economic Policy (NEP) and the National Development Policy (NDP). A key thrust of the NVP is pursuing environmentally sustainable development to reinforce long-term growth, which presents challenges to established policies and practices in the rapidly expanding area of solid waste management [9]. Waste Management Concepts There are a number of concepts about waste management which vary in their usage between countries or regions. The following are some of the most general, widely used concepts: Waste hierarchy: The waste hierarchy is the 3R concept where the R stands for reduce, reuse and recycle, it classify waste management strategies according to their desirability to achieving waste minimization. The waste hierarchy remains the cornerstone of most waste minimization strategies. The aim of the waste hierarchy is to extract as much as possible the maximum practical benefits from products and to generate the minimum amount of waste [10-12]. Polluter Pays Principle: the polluter pays principle is a principle where the polluting party pays for the impact caused to the environment. With respect to waste management, this generally refers to the requirement for a waste generator to pay for appropriate disposal of the unrecoverable material [10-13]. In Malaysia context, the waste hierarchy is the practice adopted for municipal solid waste management [14-19]. It is a major focus of the Solid Waste and Public Cleansing Act 2007. OVERVIEW OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE GENERATION IN MALAYSIA Municipal solid waste MSW management is a major challenge in urban areas throughout the world with greater effect in the rapidly growing cities and towns of developing countries [20]. Globally, municipal solid waste generation was about 0.49 billion tons in 1997 with an estimated annual growth rate of 3.2-4.5% in developed nations and 2-3% in developing nations [21]. In Asia region, MSW generation has been increasing at a rate of 3 to 7% per year as a result of population growth, changing consumption patterns, and the expansion of trade and industry in urban centres. The generation of municipal solid waste by the public is a function of socio-economic background (buying power), cultural background, locality (urban or rural setting) and the environment awareness. The generation and the composition of solid wastes vary according to size/population and income level [22-24]. Malaysian population has been in the increase at a rate of about 2.4% per annum since 1994 [25] due to industriali zation, urban migration, affluence, population growth, tourism and high influx of foreign workforce/students which has lead to massive developmental projects such as building the latest designs of residential and business buildings, construction of spacious highways, tourist resorts and so on [7, 22, 26-27]. The growing population comes with increased generation of municipal solid waste (MSW), which requires proper management to protect the people and the environment. As the solid waste generation increases in Malaysia, it puts a pressure on and shortens the duration time of, the existing landfill [28]. In Malaysia, waste collection varies from city to city with about 80% generated waste collection in Kuala Lumpur while a general average estimate of about 70% of waste generated in Malaysia is collected and 1-5% of waste is recycled (from the collected waste) while the remaining is taken to the disposal sites [29-30]. The major MSW management practice in Malaysia is waste disposal to landfill with approximately 80-95% of the total collected waste sent to landfills [31-34]. Current waste disposal method of landfill needs improvements to prolong the landfill life and to minimize the problem of land scarcity [31]. In 2007 about 26 million tonnes of waste were produced in Malaysia of which 30% were municipal solid waste (MSW), 34% from construction, industrial waste 23%, Hazardous waste 9% and 1% waste generation from public places [35]. The average amount of MSW generated ranges between 0.5 and 0.8 kg/cap/day for rural areas and smaller towns [22, 27, 36] while households of major cities and the capital Kuala Lumpur produce about 1.7 kg/cap/day 1.9 kg/cap/day [9, 14, 22, 37]. The daily MSW quantity was 17,000 tonnes per day in 2002 and by year 2020, the quantity of MSW generated is estimated to increase to over 30,000 tonnes per day [14, 23, 26, 32, 36, 38-39]. MSW management operations absorb large portions of municipal operating budgets, of which as much as 6 0% are for collection and transfer of the wastes for disposal [8, 29]. For a better understanding and planning of solid waste management, information on the quantity of solid waste generated in an area is fundamental to almost all aspects of solid waste management [40]. Malaysia Waste Characterization The municipal solid waste (MSW) in Malaysia is made up of waste from households, commercial, institutes, landscape conservation, street cleansing, and industry construction and even tourist activities [14, 30, 32-33, 38]. Characteristics of MSW vary from city to city and season to season [8]. The solid wastes of rural towns in Malaysia are significantly different from those of large cities, having more organics (food wastes) but few plastics. In industrialized cities MSW is quantified and characterized by municipal authorities at regular intervals. Malaysian municipal solid waste (MSW) generated consists of different constituents such as biodegradable materials (food waste, Garden waste, Animal waste and Material contaminated by such waste) which has high moisture content and a bulk density above 200 kg/m3, resistant polymers, paper, Wood, Textiles, Leather, Plastic, Rubber, Paint, oil, grease, chemical, organic sludge, glass, ceramic, mineral soil, concrete, and masonry (constructio n debris) [7, 14]. In the MSW waste analysis by Saeed [22], it shows that about 48% of municipal solid waste generated are from residential, 24% commercial generated waste, 11% from street cleaning, 7% from landscape conservation, 6% from institutional waste and 4% from industry and construction [32]. A waste characterization study for the city of Kuala Lumpur shows that the main components of Malaysian waste were food, paper, and plastic which comprise 80% of overall weight [22, 24, 38] with high moisture content ranging from 52.6% to 66.2% [22-23, 29, 41-43]. High moisture content in waste reduces energy value of waste and creates extra cost in the use of the waste as refuse derived fuel (RDF) or even incineration because the waste might need to be dried before incinerating. Similarly increasing pressure and temperature in the pile of solid waste or landfill favours the growth of leachate from solid waste which if not controlled might enter into the ground and surface water and can be dangerous for human health [22, 24, 44]. From literature, the waste composition seems to be variable. However, the main part of Malaysia MSW is organic waste; according to data from the ninth Malaysia Plan, Malaysia MSW composition is estimated about 45% of food waste, 24% of plastic, 7% paper mate rials, 6% of iron and glass while others made up the remaining percentage [32-33, 45]. Table 1 shows the average composition by weight percentage of components of MSW generated by various sources in Kuala Lumpur [22] while Table 2 depicts the daily generation of Municipal solid waste by states in Malaysia from year 2000 to year 2010 [46]. The current generation indicates 60% increase over the past 10 years. The larger amount of Malaysian MSW is recyclables which include paper, plastic, glass, metal and aluminum [46-47]. Recyclable items represent over 40% of the total waste volume which without retrieval activity, these valuable materials will be disposed off into landfill. The implications of this practice are the lost of these resources and the rapid utilization of the landfill space. Thus, it will reduce the length of the life-span of landfills in the country. The existing waste disposal habit among Malaysians sees a very high potential of diverting waste via recycling. One obstacle in material recovery practice is that Malaysian MSW is highly commingled. As a result, the waste contains high moisture content and reduces the value of the recyclable items. Sorting at waste generation source will help in reducing the difficulty of high moisture content and improve recycling and resource recovery, thus extending and ma intaining low level of pollution from landfill. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN MALAYSIA Solid waste management in Malaysia is the responsibility of the Ministry of Housing and Local Government (MHLG) with a regulatory body known as National Solid Waste Management Department under this ministry (MHLG) which was established in 2007 [36, 45, 48]. Local authorities are responsible for public cleansing and have to dispose all collected waste in a sanitary way[36]. MSW management involves waste collection, transportation, disposal and monitoring of the disposed waste to protect the environment. It was found from literature that waste collection in Malaysia is more effective and efficient in the richer communities than poorer ones [36]. In view of achieving an improved system for all local authorities and realizing that the lack of appropriate policy is a factor that averts sustainable waste management in the country, the Solid Waste and Public Cleansing Management Bill (SWPCM) was approved in 2007 [14-15, 26, 36, 45, 48-49]. Solid waste management is one element of the ninth Malaysia plan. This plan implies the upgrading of existing unsanitary landfills, the construction of new sanitary landfills and the construction of transfer stations with material recovery facilities with aim of strengthening the institutional capacity of respective agencies as well as creating a society that is committed towards waste minimisation and achieving a recycling target of 22% by 2020 [29, 36, 50]. The Solid Waste and Public Cleansing Act 2007 was gazette on 30 August 2007 with the focus to pave away for federal take-over of solid waste management and privatization of solid waste handling. Consequential amendments were also made to three other policies [14]. Challenges in Solid Waste Management Lack of appropriate policy is the main constraint to sustainable waste management in Malaysia [46]. As a result, the Solid Waste and Public Cleansing Management Bill (SWPCM) was approved in 2007 with the aims of providing an act and regulate the management of solid waste and public cleansing in order to maintain proper sanitation in the country [26]. The following are the commonly identified problems which affect the proper handling of solid waste on the side of the management authorities: Inadequate service coverage and operational inefficiencies of services, Limited utilization of recycling activities, Inadequate landfill disposal, and Inadequate management of hazardous and healthcare waste. Waste Management Process and Practices Waste Collection, Transportation and Disposal Service in Malaysia Municipal solid waste collection schemes of cities in the developing world generally serve only a limited part of the urban population [4, 21, 39, 51-57]. The people facing more problem of poor waste-collection services are usually the low-income population living in peri-urban areas [58-59]. In Kuala Lumpur, 80-90% of the generated MSW is collected; however over 60% of the rural population in Malaysia does not have any waste collection service and this has lead to many illegal small dumping sites [9]. The most common waste collection process in Malaysia is the door-to-door collection system where trash bins are collected from every household. Inhabitants of high-rise buildings or of informal settlements have to bring the waste to communal waste containers [36]. Waste separation has not been a common practice in Malaysia and this leads to the collection of all types of waste in one bin [36]. The solid management responsibility (collection, transportation and disposal) of 48 Local Aut horities has been privatized since 1st January 1997. Idaman Bersih Sdn Bhd manages the waste for northern region of Peninsular Malaysis, Alam Flora Sdn. Bhd manages the waste generated in the Central and Eastern Region of Peninsular Malaysia while Southern Waste Management Sdn. Bhd manages the waste in the Southern Region of the peninsular [14, 45]. The frequency of household waste collections is normally three times a week whereas waste from shops and commercial premises are collected daily [9]. From [60], about 50% of the overall national waste amount collected is open dumped, 30% is landfilled, 10% is composted, 5% is recycled and 5% percent is incinerated. There are about 7 mini-incinerators with capacity between 5 to 20 tones per day owned by the government (located in Pulau Pangkor, Pulau Langkawi, Pulau Tioman and Cameron Highlands) [61] and a private operated incinerator by Recycle Energy Sdn Bhd at Semenyi with a capacity of 1000 Metrics tones per day [23]. Waste Recycling and Composting Waste minimisation is the bed rock of sustainable and sound waste management with global focus on realising a Material Cycle Society. It is the desire to reduce waste generation at source, minimise the amount of waste disposed at landfills and to maximise the efficiency of resource utilisation. Recycling is a practice that utilises raw and finished products more efficiently and effectively. Recycling of inorganic materials from Malaysia municipal solid waste has been a practice by informal sector although such activities are seldom recognised, supported, or promoted by the municipal authorities [8]. Recycling in Malaysia became a government programs in the early 1990s and the first official recycling campaign was launched in October 1991 in Shah Alam, Selangor by the Minister of Housing and Local Government [5]. Twenty local authorities were identified as the lead agencies to promote recycling. This recycling campaign is to be part of the Clean and Beautiful Program launched by the m inistry earlier. In 1992, the minister announced that all city and municipal councils would be required to launch recycling programs. On December 2000 the government re-launched the national recycling campaign with 29 local authorities participating. The second phase of the new recycling program was launched on 11 November 2002 with 95 local authorities participating. The target was to reduce waste generation to a minimum rate of 22% by the year 2020 [5, 23, 62-63]. The present recycling program also involves waste management companies, waste recycling firms, Non-Governmental Organizations, shopping mall management companies, schools, hospitals, and religious organizations. During 2001-2003, the government spent MYR25 million on awareness campaigns and another MYR11 million purchasing and building an infrastructure to support the program [5]. Recycling campaigns were also carried out by the local authorities such as printing flyers and brochures and holding public briefings. They al so provide recycling bins for paper, glass, and aluminium in strategic places, such as shopping centres, schools, and transport terminals. After more than ten years, the official recycling figure is just 5%, although there are reports of higher than 5% recycling. For example, in 2003 Penang Islands recycling rate was 9.8%, up from 3% in 2000 [5, 9]. Many Malaysians seem to treat recycling bins as an ordinary waste-disposal bin. Indeed, it was so bad that the Penang State government has taken back most of the bins as almost all the recycling bins contain all sorts of waste [5]. Although a large amount of Malaysian wastes could be recycled, less than 5% of the total (almost 10,000 tonnes per day) is actually separated and recycled. There is a good demand for waste plastics, paper and glass, with resale prices of about US$60 per tonne, US$44 per tonne and US$32 per tone, respectively. Recovery of only 5% of the available waste plastics, paper and glass is estimated to yield a total of about US$3.4 million per year. Recommendations to increase recycling are discussed in the paper [64]. More priority is given to recycling in Malaysia than composting. Composting is defined as the biological decomposition of organic matter under controlled aerobic conditions to form a stable, humus-like end product. The process is facilitated by a diverse population of microbes, whose population dynamics vary greatly both temporally and spatially, and generally involves the development of thermophilic temperatures as a result of biologically produced heat [65-66]. Composting is applicable to MSW or separately collected leaves, yard, and food waste in Malaysia. The benefits of recycling and composting are: the processes cut down the need for disposal capacity and lowers emissions from landfills and incinerators as well as reducing litter. Secondly, the use of recycled materials in industry reduces energy use and emission; lessens impact when raw material is extracted or manufactured, and conserves raw materials [67]. Recycling also provides a supplementary income source for the lower income group while compost product are used to improve the soil qu ality [68]. Malaysia Waste Potential for Recycling: Recycling in the context of solid waste may be defined as the reclamation of material and its reuse which could include repair, remanufacture and conversion of materials, parts and products. Reclamation of materials from solid waste is not something new [69]. It is the beneficial-reuse of products that would otherwise be disposed off. It diverts waste from overloaded landfills besides providing raw materials that consume less fuel during the manufacturing process. It is an important aspect of an efficient and effective solid waste management system [61]. To understand the composition of MSW in Malaysia, an assessment of the waste generated and recyclable potential of Malaysia municipal solid waste conducted for Kuala Lumpur city by Saeed et al [32] shows from their prediction from the current trend of waste generation in Kuala Lumpur city that the MSW has a good potential of recyclables. Table 1 shows the recyclable components and their percentage share and recycling rate in tons per year. The results indicate that, food (organic) waste is the major component followed by mix paper and plastics. But unfortunately the attention paid by the authority towards this direction is not sufficient enough to tackle this issue. The Agenda 21 [70], defined environmentally sound technologies as a technology that protect the environment; moreover, recycling most of the wastes and handle residual wastes in more acceptable manner. Since 1993 a major effort of recycling was launched by the Ministry of Housing and Local Government but unfortunately limited recycling activities taken place [67]. Though recycling activity in Malaysia is rising up, the recycling industry still needs to be enhanced. The Malaysians attitude towards recycling is higher, but only few practice it [71]. Attitude to the Environmental and Level of Waste Management Awareness in Malaysia Environmental problems are caused directly or indirectly by the patterns of production by industries, patterns of consumption and behaviour of the consumers [72]. Attitude is a mental and neural state of readiness, which exerts a directing, influence upon the individuals response to all objects and situations with which it is related [73]. Attitudes to the environment are rooted in a persons concept of self and the degree to which an individual perceives himself or herself to be an integral part of the natural environment [74]. The shaping of attitude and values, commitment and skills needed to preserve and protect the environment begins at an early age of which educators play an influential role in developing new patterns of behaviours for individuals [72]. In Malaysia, recycling program has been widely initiated since 1993. However, to date the recycling rate in Malaysia is only five percent [75]. A survey by Said et al. [72] using drop and collect method was conducted for 285 scho ol teachers who were randomly selected from ten regular government schools in the state of Selangor, Malaysia to determine the level of knowledge, environmental concern and ecologically conscious consumer behavior and identify the extent of involvement in nature-related activities of school teachers. The result if the survey illustrated the presence of high level of environmental concern among the teachers, fair environmental knowledge but generally poor in understanding of the underlying causes of environmental problems. The practices of environmentally responsible behavior were not in concert with the level of concern and knowledge and the respondents were not actively involved in nature-related activities [72]. Another assessment of the level of environmental knowledge among households in Selangor, Malaysia was conducted by Haron et al [76]. The study examine the sources of their environmental knowledge, determine factors that lead to different levels of knowledge and analyse the relationship between knowledge and environmental attitude, behaviour and participation. The results of the study indicate that, in general, respondents basic or general environmental knowledge was high. However, when questioned on various scientific environmental terms, the majority of the respondents were not familiar with most of them. Respondents indicated that their main sources of environmental knowledge and information were newspapers, television and radio. Lower levels of education were reflected in the level of environmental knowledge. Participation in environmental activities had a positive influence on knowledge. The study also found that knowledge correlated positively with environmental attitudes, behaviours and participation [76]. An investigation/comparison of gender with attitudes towards the environment and green products was conducted by Chen and Chai [77] and the result of their investigation shows that there were no significant differences between gender in their environmental attitudes and attitudes on green products. The second part of the study investigated the relationship between attitude towards the environment and green products. Result revealed that consumer attitudes on the governments role and their personal norm towards the environment contributed significantly to their attitude on green product. Further investigation revealed that personal norm was the most important contributor to the attitude towards green product. However, environmental protection did not contribute significantly to consumers attitudes on green product [77]. The media in Malaysia has played a major role in communicating ideas and information on environmental issues but quite unfortunate, at the national level, people are still reluctant to adopt certain measures to reduce their waste disposal impact on the environment [78]. Studying the effectiveness of media messages towards pro-environmental behavior of Malaysians, Besar and Hassan [78] explain the relation ship between message response and peoples recycling knowledge, attitudes and recycling practice in the workplace context. The analysis inferred that both external motivational (exposure and attention) and internal motivational (involvement and interest) factors are the message response determinant variables that influence message effectiveness. They identified that one area which requires immediate public voluntary participation is in waste management, especially the 3Rs practices. The work suggests that there is poor public participation in environmentally friendly behaviors, namely recycling, as people do not response accordingly to the intended message. They noted that communication and proper enforcement of the law will help boost the recycling rates among the public. An investigation was conducted on the antecedents of recycling intention behaviour among secondary school students using Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) by Mahmud [75]. The sample consists of 400 randomly selecte d Form Four students. Three factors that influenced the intention behaviour as hypothesised by the author include specific attitude, subjective norms and perceived behaviour control. The result shows that perceived behaviour control was the strongest predictor of intention behaviour. Subjective norms are the second strongest predictor of intention to recycle. Specific attitudes were indirect predictor of intention behaviour, via the mediation of subjective norms and perceived behaviour control. The researcher suggested that environmental education in Malaysia school system should focus on elements that can effectively inculcate a pro-environmental behaviour among students [75]. A model to determine and analyze the factors that could affect knowledge, attitude and behavior of the urban poor concerning solid waste management was developed by Murad et aj [79]. They collected primary data residents of low-cost flats of Kuala Lumpur city, Malaysia. The empirical results of the study prov ide evidence to the effect that knowledge, attitude and behavior of the urban poor communities concerning solid waste management are adequate and satisfactory and the low socio-economic profile of the urban poor has not been proven as causal to environmental degradation [79]. In a review on the image and environmental disclosure, challenges in environmental information management and some of the strategic implications of environmental reporting as an important tool for improved environmental management with a short case study was presented by Sumiani et al [80]. In the case study of 50 companies in Malaysia, 36 reported some kind of environmental information in their corporate annual reports where most of the companies that gave environment report where ISO certified companies. The study concluded that ISO certification has some level of influence towards voluntary environmental reporting behaviour amongst the sampled Malaysian companies, specifically on pollution abatement and on o ther environmentally related information categories of environmental information. Making reference to Saeed et al [32], It is obvious that the Malaysia cities are still lacking in terms of efficient waste treatment technology, sufficient fund, public awareness, maintaining the established norms of industrial waste treatment, etc. Recycling is a relatively new exercise in Malaysia. Even though recycling has been introduced years back, lack of public awareness caused a slowdown in the progress of the recycling exercise. Lack of sufficient recycling facilities or the inappropriateness of the facilities location contributed further to the slowdown. Over 20,000 tonnes of solid waste is being discarded daily. The Ministry of Housing and Local Government sets a recycling goal to be 22% by 2020. A study on the success of recycling exercise in Subang Jaya, Malaysia was conducted by Chenaya et al [81]. The collection rate of recyclables in Subang Jaya is estimated to be 0.43% in 2004 which shows poor recycling activities and was traced to poor awareness of the residents of the area. The study formulates and analyzes various strategies to increase the awareness among the residents and to increase the existing facilities. They employ the outranking analysis and use a new exploitation procedure based on eigenvector using the weighted in- and out- preference flows of each alternative from outranking relation in a PROMETHEE context [81]. It was found that environmental education should be made a part of the education and civil system. Waste-Energy Recovery and Incineration Municipal solid waste resource recovery is a practice where waste with good heating values are derived from the waste by mechanical or manual process and used as fuel (RDF Refuse Derived Fuel). Solid waste resource recovery is not a common practice in Malaysia. Malaysia waste if properly sorted will create a good opportunity for resource recovery considering the percentage of paper, plastic, wood and textile materials. Promoting waste sorting from source and composting of organic waste will reduce the moisture content of Malaysia solid waste and enhancing the opportunity of resource recovery. RDF can be used as fuel to plants for electricity generation in the country, thus decreasing the greenhouse gas emission from energy utilization by changing from fossil fuels to a partly renewable fuel or incinerated to generate heat for industrial purpose. Incineration is a controlled burning of wastes at a high temperature, sterilizes, stabilizes and reduces waste volume which may be used as disposal option, when the waste composition is highly combustible. It is one of the most effective means of dealing with many wastes, to reduce their harmful potential and often to convert them to an energy form. It reduces volume up to ten-fold and thus is becoming particularly attractive in metropolitan areas. Some of the municipal managers are looking to the development of municipal incinerators around the periphery of their cities as a first solution in many countries [82]. Incineration requires appropriate technology, infrastructure, and skilled workforce to operate and maintain the plant [83]. Waste incineration is thermal treatment of waste mainly employed for hazardous waste treatment as a standard. MSW incineration in Malaysia is until now only realized as small-scale incinerators on islands, namely Langkawi, Pankor, Tioman and Labuan. The installed seven mini-incineration plants have a capacity of 5-20 tons per day and are operated only once per week due to high operation costs. For Kuala Lumpur one waste gasification plant with a capacity of 1,500 tones per day was planed but never realized because of social protests [14, 36]. The energy potentials of municipal solid waste in Malaysia was assessed by Kathirvale et al. [22] and found that The calorific value of the Malaysian MSW ranged between 1500 and 2600 kcal/kg. From their evaluation of the amount of energy t